A. Geographical Location, Accessibility and Land Area

• • • • The Municipality of Monkayo is located in the Northern most part of Compostela Valley Province. It lies on the grid squares 7°42’ to 8°00’, latitude 125°57’ to 126°12’ longitude and bounded on the north by the Province of Agusan Sur, somewhere in the 8th parallel, to the south by the Municipalities of Compostela and Montevista, to the west by the Municipality of Laak and east by the Municipality of Boston, Davao Oriental. Refer to Figure 1.
        

        Figure 1. Municipal map showing the barangays

        Maps of 21 Barangays (please click the name of the barangay for the map)

        • Awao
        • Babag
        • Banlag
        • Baylo
        • Casoon
        • Haguimitan
        • Inambatan
        • Macopa
        • Mamunga
        • Mt. Diwata
        • Naboc
        • Olaycon
        • Pasian
        • Poblacion
        • Rizal
        • Salvacion
        • San Isidro
        • San Jose
        • Tubo-tubo
        • Union
        • Upper-ulip
    • From Davao City, the municipality of Monkayo is 120 kilometers away and is approximately a three-hour bus ride traversing along the Philippine-Japan Friendship Road/Maharlika Road/Asian Highway 26.
    • In the Northwestern Section, access can be made through a graveled road traversing through Barangays Banlag and San Jose, towards the Northwestern boundary with Laak. The road in Crossing Sarmiento, Barangay Banlag will proceed to Sitio Liwanag thence to Barangay Awao. Another road leads from national highway near the Iglesia ni Cristo Church going up to Barangay San Jose center, going up to Sitios Tag-usab, Totoy, Mabuhay and Barangay Awao.
    • In the Northeastern Section, a one lane road beginning from Crossing Haguimitan towards the interior parts of the barangay ending up in Agusan River. A road from National Highway (Barangay Baylo) towards Lower and Upper Buay and towards Mt. Diwata within DMPI logging road. Another road from National Highway (Barangay Pasian area) towards Sitio Odiongan and other sitios located in Mt. Pasian in PICOP road 7.
    • In the Southeastern Section, the main access road in this section starts from National Highway, (Petron Station) and passes through Barangays Salvacion, Union and Tubo-Tubo, and towards Barangay Naboc. Turning left at Brgy Union rotunda is a road leading to Barangay Upper Ulip and Barangay Mt. Diwata. A road beginning from Salvacion center leads towards interior Buay, going up the PICOP road. A trail from Upper Ulip is used to reach Sitio Matangad.
    • At the East-West Territory, a road emanating from the National Highway cuts across Barangay Poblacion center towards Purok 12 to Sitio Lower Ulip, Magas, Mamonga, Babag and Macopa up to Monkayo and Compostela boundaries (Pilar and Mangayon). A provincial road crossing with the National Highway at Km. 113, is the access to Brgys. Inambatan and Maco pa.
    • Monkayo has a total land area of 69,289 hectares comprising 21 barangays. The newly created barangays is Mt. Diwata through Provincial Ordinance No. 01 series 1987. This was previously part of barangay Upper Ulip. The Municipality’s land area is 15% of the total land area of Compostela Valley Province which 466,693 hectares. Refer to Table 1.

    Table 1
    Land Area by Barangay

    Barangay Name	Area (in hectares)	Percent to total
    Awao	3,849	5.56
    Babag	3,351	4.84
    Banlag	4,108	5.93
    Baylo	3,914	5.65
    Casoon	3,841	5.54
    Haguimitan	2,311	4.46
    Inambatan	3,017	3.34
    Macopa	3,091	4.35
    Mamonga	3,081	4.45
    Mt. Diwata	672	1.05
    Naboc	3,402	4.90
    Olaycon	3,274	4.72
    Pasian	3,789	5.47
    Poblacion	4,992	7.2
    Rizal	2,788	4.02
    Salvacion	3,400	4.90
    San Isidro	2,394	3.46
    San Jose	3,386	4.89
    Tubo-Tubo	3,336	4.82
    Union	3,350	4.84
    Upper Ulip	3,886	5.61
    Total	69,289

    Source: MPDO, Monkayo

    B. Topography and Slope

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    • The topography of the municipality is characterized by extensive mountain ranges and vast rolling area with uneven distribution of lowlands.
    • The mountains are naturally endowed with rich forest. Mt. Olagusan on the northwest serves as the boundary between the Municipality of Monkayo and the Municipality of Asuncion. Barangays situated in this area are: Olaycon, Banlag, San Isidro, San Jose, Casoon and Awao. In the northwest Mt. Agtuuganon serves as the boundary between Monkayo and the Municipalities of Cateel and Boston, Davao Oriental. The barangays found along the lowland areas are the following: Macopa, Babag, Naboc, Mamunga, Tubo-Tubo, Union, Salvacion, Mamunga, Inambatan, Baylo, Jaguimitan, Rizal, Pasian, and Poblacion. Barangays which have high elevation are Mt. Diwata and Upper Ulip. Refer to Figure 2.
    • In terms of elevation, only 1,140 hectares or 4.15% are within 1000 masl, hence considered protected area. This is located along the Mt. Diwata range. All the rest are within the area classified under the National Physical Framework Plan as production forest or productive lands.
      

      Figure 2. Topographic map of the municipality of Monkayo.

    C. Soil Type and Slope Classification

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    • The Municipality of Monkayo is predominantly occupied by complex volcanic mountains covering to 32.74% or 22,686 hectares of the total land area of the municipality.
    • It is followed by a low and high sedimentary foot hills and ridges that is characterized by an elevation of lowland and upland/hilly land. It is located in Banlag, Baylo, San Jose, Olaycon, Awao, Haguimitan, Pasian, Rizal, Upper Ulip, Salvacion, Macopa, Inambatan, Casoon and San Isidro. It covers 21.93% having 15,196 hectares of the total land area. Its soil depth is 50-100 cm. moderately deep. Refer to Table 2.
    • As to slope classification, 0-8% which is classified as level to undulating has an area of 26,327 hectares or 38% of the total land area. Areas which are more than 50% in slope or classified as very steep, contains an area of 9,566 or 13.8% of the total land area. Refer to Figure 3.

    Table 2
    Basic Soil Type in the Municipality of Monkayo

    Soil Type	Barangay	Area (in hectares)	% to total
    Broad alluvial plain	Mamunga, Babag, Macopa, Naboc, Tubo-Tubo	5,430	7.84
    Lower river terraces	Olaycon, Babag, Mamunga, Inambatan, Poblacion, Banlag, San Jose, Baylo, Haguimitan, Rizal, Pasian	5,942	8.58
    Collu-Alluvial Fans	Poblacion, Salvacion, Union, Upper Ulip, Tubo-Tubo, Naboc, Baylo, Awao	5,380	7.76
    Low & High Sedimentary foot hills and ranges	Banlag, Baylo, San Jose, Olaycon, Awao, Haguimitan, Pasian, Rizal, Upper Ulip, Salvacion, Macopa, Inambatan, Casoon, San Isidro	15,196	7.76
    High Limestone Hills	Casoon, San Isidro	353	0.51
    High Volcanic Complex Hills	Pasian, Rizal, Baylo	5,865	8.47
    Limestone Mountains	Mt. Diwata	885	1.28
    High Meta-Sedimentary Mountains	Upper Ulip, Salvacion, Baylo, Tubo-Tubo, Naboc	2,283	3.29
    Complex Volcanic Mountains	Mt. Diwata, Tubo-Tubo, Naboc, Upper Ulip, Salvacion, Baylon, Rizal, Pasian	22,686	32.74
    Built-up areas	all Barangays	5,269	7.6
    TOTAL		69,289	7.6

    Source: Bureau of Soils and Water Management

    

    Figure 3. Slope map of the municipality of Monkayo.

    D. Hydrogeology

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    • The municipality is traversed by Agusan and Manat Rivers cutting across Compostela Valley going to Agusan del Sur. The Naboc river supplies water for irrigation to rice paddies in barangays Naboc, Babag and Tubo-Tubo.
    • There are also some creeks existing within the municipality which serve as tributaries that can add the raging flow and current of these major rivers. On the other hand, the municipality is endowed with potable spring water like in Pasian, Maite, Casoon, Tubo-Tubo, Banlag, Awao, Mt. Diwata, Upper Ulip, Union, Baylo, Rizal, Babag, San Jose and Salvacion.
    • As to hydrologeological condition, the barangays of Babag, Mamunga, Inambatan, Tubo-Tubo, Union, Upper Ulip, Salvacion, Poblacion, Baylo, Haguimitan, Rizal, Pasian, Macopa and Awao have less productive aquifer, while barangays Naboc, San Jose, Banlag, San Isidro and Casoon have fairly extensive and less productive aquifer, from moderate to high permeability; and Mt. Diwata with less to moderate permeability. Refer to Figure 4.
    

    Figure 4. Hydrogeologic map of the municipality of Monkayo.

    E. Climate and Rainfall

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    Monkayo’s climatic type falls under Type IV. This condition is characterized by rainfall evenly distributed throughout the year. The average rainfall is 3,456 mm. However, it is observed that November, December and January are usually the wettest, while May and June are the driest. During the same period, average temperature ranged between 26.00C to 30.00C, although this has been increased for the past years.

    F. Land Suitability

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    • Areas suitable for cultivation both agricultural and reforestation is about 18,204.00 hectares. These areas are Agricultural-Alienable and Disposable land and classified forest land (For Agro- & Production Forest). This is about 60% of the total land area of the municipality. Unclassified forest land or timberland also suited for reforestation has an approximate area of 26,183.6292 hectares or 38% of the total land area of Monkayo.
    • There are approximately 14,880 hectares of lands are limited pasture. These can be seen in barangays Inambatan, Awao, Mamunga, Macopa, Babag, Haguimitan. This means that 50 hectares of land per barangay be identified for pasture.
    • Approximately about 31,584.067 hectares or 45.58% of municipality’s land area are reserved for forest. These areas are classified according to its purpose such as reforestation, production forest and agro-forest, reforestation of Mt. Diwata as mineral land is included in this aspect. As part of the plan, the municipal government is going to reforest the barangays of Banlag, Olaycon, San Jose, Jaguimitan, Rizal, Pasian, Inambatan, San Isidro, Casoon, Awao, Baylo, Naboc, Upper Ulip, Tubo-Tubo, Salvacion and Union, through rubber production program, commercial fruit tree plantation and rattan production.
    • On the other hand, production forest covers approximately 7,770.150 hectares or 11.21% of the total land area of the municipality while agro-forest covers around 12,361.90 hectares. Likewise, unclassified forest land is approximately 26,183.6292 hectares. Alienable and Disposable agricultural land has an area of 22,235.6582 hectares. Unclassified forest land or Timberland also suited for reforestation has an approximate area of 26,183.6292 hectares of 38% of the total land area of Monkayo.
    • Land suitable for urban uses are those within 0-15% slope. These areas can be found in the following barangays: Poblacion, Banlag, Baylo, Rizal, Pasian, Olaycon, Macopa, Babag, Naboc, Mamunga, Union, Inambatan, Haguimitan, Salvacion, Upper Ulip, Tubo-Tubo and Awao.
    • Soils suitable for rice crops aside from those irrigated rice lands are found in barangays Salvacion, Union, Poblacion, Naboc, Tubo-Tubo, Babag, Mamunga, Baylo, Rizal, Awao, Pasian, Inambatan, Upper Ulip, San Jose, Macopa and Haguimitan. These barangays have low elevation and ranges of soil ph is readily available for this crop. Irrigation systems are existing in Barangays Naboc, Tubo-Tubo, Salvacion, Baylo and Rizal.
    • For diversified crops, soils suitable for this purpose are found in barangays Salvacion, Upper Ulip, Union, Tubo-Tubo, Babag, Mamunga, Macopa, Naboc, Inambatan, Baylo, Haguimitan, Awao, Pasian and San Jose. Elevation of these areas are usually lowland and a little hilly. Or less than 100 meters above sea level.
    • Soils suitable for tree crops are found in barangays Awao, Casoon, San Isidro, San Jose, Olaycon, Upper Ulip, Pasian, Tubo-Tubo, Mamunga and Banlag. These portions or some areas of barangays are upland, hilly and rolling. Commercial Trees are suitable for Mt. Diwata or in areas which have high in elevation; elevation ranging from 100 to greater than 100 meters above sea level.

    G. Ancestral Domain

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    • Of the total land area of Monkayo, 39.07 per cent or 27,070.49 hectares were awarded to the unified Mandaya, Manobo, Mangguangan and Dibabawon tribes covering fourteen barangays, namely Awao, Banlag, Baylo, Casoon, Haguimitan, Mt. Diwata, Naboc, Pasian, Rizal, Salvacion, San Isidro, San Jose, Tubo-tubo, and Upper Ulip. Refer to Table 3.
    • It was apportioned into two parcels as shown in Figure 5. The ancestral domain areas of Monkayo also shares common boundaries with four (4) other ancestral domains, aside from the Dibabawon and Mangguangan CADT. Being a melting pot of the four tribes, Monkayo indigenous peoples are uniquely situated in that they already have established relationships with these neighboring CADT holders:
      • CADT No. R11-BOS-0403-0006: The ancestral domain boundary on the East extends up to the administrative jurisdiction of the Municipality of Boston, Davao Oriental. However, this overlap in administrative jurisdiction does not indicate conflict with the Boston Mandaya Tribe whom CADT No. R11-BOS-0403-0006 was approved on April 3, 2003, as they have their respective management plans.
      • CADT No. R11-NEW-0204-019: The common ancestral domain boundary with the Mandaya Tribe of Compostela, Compostela Valley also does not indicate conflict with CADT No. R11-NEW-0204-019 approved on February 17, 2004.
        

        Figure 5. Ancestral domain map.

      • CADT No. R11-LAA-1005-35: The common ancestral domain boundary with the Dibabawon Tribe of Laak, Compostela Valley and the in the municipalities of Asuncion, Kapalong and San Isidro, does not indicate any conflict with CADT No. R11-LAA-1005-35 approved October 22, 2005.
      • CADT No. R13-VER-1108-089: It was approved on November 7, 2008 and issued to the Manobo Tribe of Santa Josefa, Agusan del Sur covers portions of Barangay Awao, Monkayo.

    Table 3
    Barangays within the Ancestral Domain

    Barangay	Ancestral Domain Area (in hectares)	Percentage (%)
    Awao	3,367.785	11.053
    Banlag	1,340.435	4.399
    Baylo	2,622.908	8.609
    Casoon	3,144.765	10.321
    Haguimitan	528.297	1.734
    Mt. Diwata	691.632	2.270
    Naboc	566.572	1.860
    Pasian	3,232.036	10.608
    Rizal	2,217.200	7.277
    Salvacion	2,360.799	7.748
    San Isidro	549.385	1.803
    San Jose	2,215.331	7.271
    Tubo-Tubo	775.889	2.547
    Upper Ulip	3,457.452	11.348
    TOTAL	27,070.486	–

    Source: NCIP

    H. Flora and Fauna

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    • There are still a few species of indigenous plants and wildlife that can still be found within the ancestral domain, except in populated and farmland areas. However, only a few reptiles, mammals, birds and tree species have remained and were observed by local residents. Originally, there were about a hundred species of trees found in the dipterocarp forest in Mt. Diwata mountain ranges. Based on the latest inventory conducted by DENR with the assistance of Datu Mauricio Latiban, only forty-nine (49) known species and three (3) lesser known species of trees were found. However, abaca and other fiberous plants, rattan and native palms are now endangered. These can only be found in some forested areas within the domain.
    • Wild animals, particularly land mammals, are trapped in isolated patches of forests in the western section of the ancestral domain. On the eastern corridor section however, land mammals can travel all throughout the mountain range from Mt. Pasian to the Tagub–Kampalili Mountain in Maragusan. Reptiles such as different species of snakes and lizard family are still observable but in reduced number of sightings. Important species of birds include writhed hornbill and blue napped parrot which conservation status is endangered. An unconfirmed report from some indigenous peoples disclose the presence of an unidentified eagle sighted in Bermuda, at the southern boundary of the ancestral domain.

    I. Freshwater Resources

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    • There are existing surface water resources by type and classifications as reflected in Table 4. It shows that such surface water resources can be a great source for Class AA and A public water supply class I and II, particularly in Pasian, Awao and Salvacion. For agriculture, industrial water supply class I and inland water, surface water resource at Macopa can be of beneficial use.
    • Agusan River traversing Barangays Babag, Naboc, Mamunga, Poblacion, Baylo, Jaguimitan, San Jose, Rizal and Pasian can be used as Class B, C, and D. While Naboc River traversing Tubo-Tubo, Naboc, Babag, Mamunga connecting Agusan river can also be beneficial for Class B, C and D.

    Table 4
    Existing Surface Water Resources by Type and Classification, Year 2014

    Surface Water	Location	Classification
    1. Magdagandang Falls	Pasian	Class AA, A
    2. Odiongan Creek	Pasian	Class AA, A
    3. Awao Falls	Awao	Class AA, A
    4. Sagay Falls	Salvacion	Class AA, A
    5. Paypayanon Falls	Salvacion	Class AA, A
    6. MahayahayFalls	Baylo	Class AA, A
    7. Binaton Falls	Rizal	–
    8 .Tinago Spring	Tinago, Tubo-Tubo	Class D
    9. Naboc River	Mt.Diwata, Tubo-Tubo, Naboc, Babag, Mamonga	Class B,C and D
    10. Agusan River	Poblacion, San Jose, BayloJaguimitan and Pasian	Class B,C and D
    11. Awao River	Awao	–
    12. Manlangon River	Awao	–
    13. Saug River	Casoon	–
    14. Pasian River	Pasian	–
    15. Bahayan River	Rizal	–
    16. Buay River	Baylo	–
    17. Ulip River	Upper Ulip	–
    18. Camagangwan Creek	Sugod, Union	–

    Source: MPDO

    J. Diwalwal Mineral Reservation Area (DMRA)

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    • On November 25, 2002 President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo approved Proclamation No. 297, which excluded a certain area from the operations of Proclamation No. 369 series of 1931, and declared 8,100 hectares as mineral reservation and as environmentally-critical area of which 5,839,71 hectares belong to the municipality. Some productive areas in Mt. Diwata are Tinago, Upper Buenas, Busay, Upper Balite, Lower Balite and Paraiso gold vein systems.
    • As finalized in the June 23, 2006 Supreme Court Ruling, the State has full control over the mining operations in the Diwalwal Mineral Reservation Area and can pursue full control and supervision of the exploration, development and utilization of the country’s natural mineral resources with two options: (i) through direct undertaking or by entering into co – production, joint venture, or production – sharing agreements; or (ii) by entering into agreement with foreign – owned corporations for large – scale exploration, development and utilization. See Figure 6.
    • There are two government-owned and controlled corporations tasked with managing the DMRA, (i) the Natural Resources Development Corporation (NRDC), and (ii) Philippine Mining Development Corporation (PMDC).
    

    Figure 6. Diwalwal Mineral Reservation Area.